Tense का simple मतलब है: time + verb form.
लेकिन सिर्फ time नहीं। English tense system time के साथ aspect भी दिखाता है।
Aspect मतलब action complete है, continue हो रहा है, या result अभी relevant है।
Hindi speakers के लिए problem यह है कि Hindi में tense system comparatively simple है, लेकिन English में structure ज़्यादा precise है।
पहले big picture समझते हैं।
English में 3 main time zones हैं:
Present
Past
Future
लेकिन हर time zone के अंदर 4 forms होती हैं:
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Total = 12 major tense structures.
अब इन्हें logically समझते हैं।
1. Present Tense System
(A) Present Simple
Structure:
Subject + base verb (he/she/it के साथ s/es)
Use:
- Habit
I wake up at 6 am.
She drinks coffee daily. - General truth
The sun rises in the east. - Permanent situation
He lives in Delhi.
Common mistake:
He go to school ❌
Correct: He goes to school ✔
Rule याद रखें: he/she/it → verb + s
(B) Present Continuous
Structure:
Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing
Use:
- Action happening now
She is reading.
I am studying. - Temporary situation
I am living in Mumbai these days.
Common mistake:
I am knowing him ❌
Know normally continuous में नहीं आता।
(C) Present Perfect
Structure:
Subject + has/have + V3 (past participle)
Use:
- Action completed, but result important now
I have finished my work.
(काम पूरा है, अभी relevant है) - Experience
I have visited Jaipur.
Hindi connection:
“मैंने काम कर लिया है” — often present perfect बनता है।
Common mistake:
I have finished yesterday ❌
Present perfect के साथ specific past time use नहीं करते।
Correct:
I finished yesterday ✔
(D) Present Perfect Continuous
Structure:
Subject + has/have been + verb + ing
Use:
Action started in past and still continuing.
I have been studying for two hours.
She has been working since morning.
For = duration
Since = starting point
2. Past Tense System
(A) Past Simple
Structure:
Subject + V2
I went home.
She ate food.
Use:
Completed action in past.
Common mistake:
I did not went ❌
Correct: I did not go ✔
Rule: “did” के बाद base verb।
(B) Past Continuous
Structure:
Subject + was/were + verb + ing
I was reading.
They were playing.
Use:
Action ongoing in past.
Often interruption के साथ use होता है:
I was sleeping when he called.
(C) Past Perfect
Structure:
Subject + had + V3
Use:
Past के पहले वाला past.
When I reached, he had left.
Timeline सोचें:
पहले leave हुआ → फिर reach हुआ।
Common mistake:
Unnecessary use of past perfect जहाँ simple past काफी है।
(D) Past Perfect Continuous
Structure:
Subject + had been + verb + ing
Use:
Past में action continuous था before another past event.
She had been studying for two hours before the exam started.
3. Future Forms
Technically English में future tense अलग verb form नहीं है।
हम auxiliary verbs से future express करते हैं।
(A) Will
Subject + will + base verb
Use:
Instant decision
I will help you.
Prediction
It will rain tomorrow.
(B) Going To
Subject + am/is/are + going to + base verb
Use:
Plan already decided
I am going to start a business.
Prediction (evidence के साथ)
Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
(C) Present Continuous as Future
I am meeting him tomorrow.
(Planned arrangement)
Big Confusion Area: Hindi vs English Thinking
Hindi में हम अक्सर कहते हैं:
मैं कल जा रहा हूँ।
यह English में future भी हो सकता है:
I am going tomorrow.
Hindi continuous हमेशा same meaning नहीं देता जो English continuous देता है।
English tense सिर्फ समय नहीं, perspective भी दिखाता है।
Practical Framework (Overthinking रोकने के लिए)
जब sentence बनाना हो, खुद से पूछें:
- Action कब हो रहा है? (present/past/future)
- Action complete है या चल रहा है?
- Result अभी important है?
इन तीन questions से सही tense select किया जा सकता है।
Common Hindi Speaker Errors
- Overuse of continuous
I am understanding ❌
Correct: I understand ✔ - Present perfect with past time
I have seen him yesterday ❌ - Wrong verb form after did
Did you went ❌
Core Insight
Tense memorize करने से fluency नहीं आती।
Time + aspect समझने से clarity आती है।
English tense system logical है।
अगर timeline visualize करें, तो confusion कम हो जाता है।
Grammar को timeline की तरह देखें, rule book की तरह नहीं।
अगला logical topic होगा: Modal Verbs — क्योंकि tense action का time बताता है, लेकिन modal verbs attitude, possibility, obligation, permission बताते हैं। वहीं से expression mature होता है।